Времена глаголов в английском языке. Согласование времён

Времена глаголов в английском языке. Согласование времён - ЕГЭ английский + ESL!

Cледующие далее таблицы составлены мною по данным различных американских учебников в то время, когда я был студентом ESL. Расположение материала (с моей точки зрения) способствует его запоминанию.
Я надеюсь, что Страницы ESL будут полезны для вас. Пожалуйста, присылайте мне ваши замечания.

When I was an ESL student, I compiled these tables from some published in the USA textbooks of English Grammar. As to me, an arrangement of the material helps the student to remember it.
I hope that the ESL Pages would be useful for you.
Please mailme your comments.

Также к ЕГЭ - 100 популярнейших слов английского к ОГЭ и ЕГЭ: Oxford's big data leaks https://skayfol.blogspot.com/p/100-oxfords-big-data-leaks.html

ДИСТРИБЬЮЦИЯ - SKAYFOL MRABLE[.BIZ] (OLEG N. MELNIKOV, EX-VICE-CHIEF OF CIA PR IN RUSSIA - 2002)

( Полезные советы t.me/skayfol и t.me/skayfol911 - Я как автор и агрегатор в мессенджере Telegram (Телеграм) здоровье + финансы + автомобили

Проверить корректность и кабальность кредита (десятые доли процента и копейки через точку, а

нi запятую == международный стандарт) + сервис работает 24/7 === круглосуточно ежедневно + совместим с мобильными устройствами (можно пользоваться со смартфона)

https://skayfol.blogspot.com/p/omcreditm.html)

ТАБЛИЦЫ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ ВРЕМЕН

(Progressive = Continuous

& Simple = Indefinite)

CONDITIONS

TENSE

SAMPLES

KEYWORDS

F A C T S

General Statement of fact

Present Simple

The word is round.

N E V E R -- E V E R -- A L W A Y S

Something have ever (always) happened or have never happened before now

Present Perfect

Have you ever visited Kiev?
I have already seen that movie.
I have never seen snow.

Ever

Already

Never

S P E C I F I E D _ T I M E _ I N _ T H E _ P A S T

An activity or situation began and ended at a particular time in the past	Past Simple	I walked to school yesterday. He lived in Paris for ten years, but now he is living in Edison. I bought a new car two days ago	Yesterday For...but now N days ago
In some cases, Past Progressive gives almost the same meaning as Past Simple	Past Progressive = Past Simple	*It rained (was raining)* this morning.**	.
*One action or event began earlier then other* and, perhars, caused it.**	Past Simple in both sentenses + "when" for event occured earlier.	I stood under a tree when it began to rain. When I dropped my cup, the coffee spilled on my lap.	PastSimple in "when" clause.
*One action began earlier and was in progress* when the other action occured.**	Past Progressive + Past Simple.	I was standing under a tree when it began to rain. While I was walking down the street, it began to rain.	When While.
Two action are in progress simultaneously.	Past Progressive in both sentenses.	*While I was studying* in one room, my roommate was having a party in the other room.**	While. PastProgr + PastProg
One activity was completed before beginning of the another activity or time in the past.	Past Perfect.	My parents had already eaten by the time I got home. Until yesterday, I had never heard about it. The thief simply walked in. Someone had forgotten to lock the door.	Already..by Until
*If either before or after* is used.**	*Past Simple may be used instead* Past Perfect.**	Sam had already left when we got there. Sam had left (left) before we got there. After the gueste had left ( left), I went to bed.	Before After
*Activity was in progress (How long?) immediately* before, up to, until another time or event in the past [not before right now]. Emphasis is on duration of an activity.**	Past Perfect Progressive.	I had been studying for two hours before my frend came. He finally came at six o'clock. I had been waiting for him since four-thirty.	For Before Since
*An activity in progress* recent to another time or activity in the past [not before right now].**	Past Perfect Progressive.	When Judy got home, her hair was still wet because she had been swimming. Her eyes were red because she had been crying	Still Recently Lately

UNSPECIFIED TIME IN THE PAST

Something happened or not happened before now, at an unspecified time in the past. The exact time when it happened is not important	Present Perfect	*They have moved* into a new appartment. (means before now)**	Without time words
*Repetition* of an activity before now. The exact time when it happened is not important.	Present Perfect.	We have had four tests so far this semester. I have flown on a jet many times. I have met many people since I came here in June. I have written she a letter every other day for the last year.	So far Many times Since For

TIME IMMEDIATELY BEFORE RIGHT NOW

*General activity in progress recently, lately..*	Present Perfect Progressive.	I have been thinking about changing my major. My back hurts, so I have been sleeping on the floor lately.	Without time words or with Recently Lately
*Activity is in progress immediately* before, up to, until now.**	Present Perfect Progressive.	I have been studying English. (means: before now)	*Without time words*
*Activity is in progress (How long?) immediately* before, up to, until another time or event that have been recently.**	Present Perfect Progressive.	*I have been studying* English for two hours until noon.**	For
*Duration* of an activity that began in the past and continues to the present.	Present Perfect Progressive.	I have been sitting here since four o'clock/ for two hours. It has been raining all day long. (means: up to now)	Time words:Since / For All morning, day. week...
*Activity began in the recent past, is continuing in present,* and will probably end at some point in the future.**	Present Progressive.	John is sleeping right now. I need an umbrella because it is raining.	Right now
With verbs: to Live, to Work, to Teach	*Present Perfect may be used instead of* Present Perfect Progressive .**	I have lived (have been living) here since 1991. He has worked (has been working) at the same firm for thirty years.	Since or For + to Live, to Work, to Teach

P R E S E N T _ T I M E

*Habitual* *or Everyday* activities**	Present Simple	I study for two hours every night. My classes begin at nine. He always eats a sandwich for lunch.	*Every* day, week... Always
*General activity in progress* this week, month, year.**	Present Progressive	I am taking five courses this semester. She is writing another book this year.	*This* week, month...
*Situation exists right now and needs Nonprogressive* Verbs**	*Present Simple instead of* using of Nonprogressive verbs**	I have only a dollar right now. I don't recognize that man.	*Right now*
A speaker expresses annoyance or anger.	*Present Progressive instead of* Present Simple**	*Mary is always leaving* her dirty socks on the floor for me to pick up!**	Pres.Progr. + "Always"
A speaker expresses annoyance.	*Present Progressive instead of* Present Simple**	I am always (or forever, or constantly) picking up Mary's dirty socks!	Pres.Progr. + "Always" or "Forever" or "Constantly

F U T U R E _ T I M E

Prediction	Future Simple	*According to the weather report, it will (is going to) be* raining tomorrow.**	Will or Be going to
Prior plan	Future Simple	*I am going to fly* to Paris tomorrow.**	Be going to
Prior plan in progress	Progressive form of be going to	*Don't call me at nine because I won't be home. I am going to be studying* at the library.**	*Be going to + be + ing*
Planned event or definite intension.	Present Progressive = Future Simple	My wife has an appointment with a doctor. She is seeing Dr. Who next Monday.	Future time words
Events that are definite schedule or timetable.	*Present Simple instead of* Future Simple**	Classes begin next week. Plane arrives at 6:09 P.M. tomorrow morning. .	Future Time words + Open,Close Begin, End, Start,Finish Arrive,Leave Come,Return
*Present Simple* *or, occassionally, Present Perfect,* are used in the Time clauses. Present Perfect emphasises on the completion of the act in the time clause.**	Present Simple instead of Future Simple. Present Perfect = Future Simple.	Bob will come soon. When Bob comes, we will see him. I will go to bed after I finish (have finished) my work.	Time words: When, After, Before, Until, As soon as
Willingness.	Future Simple	A: The phone's ringing. B: I'll get it.	Will
An activity that will be in progress at a definite time in the future.	Future Progressive	I will be studying when you come. Right now I am sitting in class. At this same time tomorrow, I will be sitting in class.	Will +When
*The future event will occur at an indefinite time* in the future.**	Future Simple = Future Progressive	Don't get impatient.. She will be coming (will come) soon.	Will +Indefinite time words
*Activity completed before* another time or event in the future..**	Future Perfect	*I will have finished* my homework by the time . I go out on a date tonight**	Will + By the time
*Activity will be in progress (How long?) immediately.* before, up to, until another time or event in the future. Emphasis the duration . of an activity.**	Future Perfect Progressive	I will have been studying for two hours by the time you arrive.	For + By the time
Sometimes the Future Perfect and the Future Perfect Progressive give the same meaning.	Future Perfect = Future Perfect Progressive	When Professor Jones retires next month, he will have tought (will have been teaching) for 45 years	For

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Если вы не Эйнштейн -

то лишь привычка и тренировка

позволят вам врубиться

в это искусство чужеродной речи.

Active Voice (действительный залог: "Я делаю")
Время	Simple (простое)	Continuous (длительное)	Perfect (завершённое)	Perfect Continuous (завершённо-длительное)
Настоящее (Present)	Констатация факта (что делает?). Действие, повторяющееся регулярно, обычное. every day - каждый день usually - обычно often - часто always - всегда never - никогда sometimes - иногда Кроме того, это время употребляется в придаточных предложениях времени и условия после союзов if, when, as soon as, before, вместо Future Simple. As soon as I write the letter, I will post it immediately. Кроме того, это время употребляется вместо Continuous с глаголами, обозначающими восприятие, умственные усилия, чувства: to see, to feel, to hear, to know, to understand, to want, to love, to be, to belong, to consist. I see her now. I hear a noise. I don't understand what he is talking about.	Процесс (что делается сейчас?). Действие в развитии, незаконченное, происходящее в настоящий момент.	Завершённость (что сделал/сделано?). Действие, совершившееся в недалёком прошлом, но имеющее непосредственную связь с данным моментом. Речь идёт о наличествующем сейчас результате того действия. Без уточнения момента времени. Но могут быть: already - уже, just - только что, today - сегодня, this week - на этой неделе .	Процесс уже в течение некоторого периода времени. Действие, начавшееся до настоящего момента, длившееся некоторое время, и продолжающееся в момент речи или закончившееся непосредственно перед моментом речи. "Уже в течение..."
	Пишет (каждый день). Пишет стихи. Пишет красиво.	Пишет сейчас (я говорю - а он пишет).	Написал (уже) письмо (то есть: у меня имеется написанное письмо).	Пишет уже (в течение часа) час. Пишет с двух часов.
	I,you,we,they V, he,she,it V-s	to be V-ing	to have/has V₃	to have/has been V-ing
	I write a letter. I write book stories.	I am writing this letter. {You,we,they} are writing this letter. {He,she,it} is writing this letter.	I have written this letter. He has already written this letter.	I have been writing this letter for two days.
Прошедшее (Past)	Действие, совершавшееся или свершившееся в прошлом и никак не связанное с настоящим моментом речи.	Действие в развитии, незаконченное, происходящее в определенный момент в прошлом. Часто указан момент прошлого. Никогда не используются глаголы в Past Continuous со словами for, since, recently.	Действие, завершённое к какому-то определённому моменту в прошлом.	Действие, которое началось ранее указанного момента в прошлом и продолжалось вплоть до этого момента, исключая или включая его. Никогда не используются глаголы в Past Perfect Continuous со словами at, when, while.
	(На)писал вчера. (На)писал на прошлой неделе. (На)писал год назад. (На)писал в 1980 году.	Писал вчера в три часа. Писал, когда я вошёл. Писал, пока я работал.	Написал письмо вчера/сегодня к семи часам. Написал до того, как я пришёл.	Писал вчера уже два часа (уже в течение двух часов), когда я наконец пришёл.
	V-ed, V₂	was/were V-ing	had V₃	had been V-ing
	He wrote this letter yesterday.	He was writing this letter yesterday when I came. They were writing this letter at seven o'clock last night. He was writing the letter while you were reading.	He had written this letter by seven o'clock last night. He had written this letter before I came.	He had been writing this letter for two hours yesterday when I came. He had been writing the letter since two o'clock when you came.
Будущее (Future)	Действие или ряд последовательных действий, которые случатся в будущем.	Действие в развитии, незаконченное, происходящее в определенный момент в будущем. Часто указан момент будущего.	Действие, которое будет завершено до какого-то момента или другого события в будущем.	Действие, которое начнётся до определённого момента в будущем и будет продолжаться вплоть до этого момента.
	Напишет завтра. Напишет завтра к семи часам. Напишет через неделю. Напишет в будущем году.	Будет писать завтра в семь часов. Будет писать, когда некто придёт. Будет писать, когда ты будешь читать.	Напишет завтра к семи часам. Напишет до того, как он придёт.	Будет писать уже час, когда он придёт.
	will V	will be V-ing	will have V₃	will have been V-ing
	I will write the letter tomorrow. I will write the letter tomorrow by 7 o'clock.	I will be writing a letter when he comes. (обратите внимание на настоящее время глагола come -- если главное предложение в будущем времени, то условие - в настоящем!). I will be writing a letter at 7 o'clock tomorrow. I will be writing a letter while you'll be reading.	I will have written the letter before he comes.	I will have been writing a letter for an hour when he comes.

Passive Voice (страдательный залог: "Я подвергаюсь чужому действию")
Время	Simple (простое)	Continuous (длительное)	Perfect (завершённое)
Настоящее (Present)
	Меня часто (обычно, всегда) спрашивают.	Меня спрашивают прямо сейчас.	Меня уже спросили к этому моменту.
	to be (am, are, is) V-ed, V₃	to be (am, are, is) being V-ed, V₃	to have/has been V-ed, V₃
	I am often asked by the people about ...	I am being asked by my chief...	I have been asked at that moment.
Прошедшее (Past)
	Меня спросили когда-то.	Меня спрашивали в тот момент.	Меня уже спросили к тому моменту.
	was/were V-ed, V₃	was/were being V-ed, V₃	had been V-ed, V₃
	I was asked by the policeman ... They were asked by the policeman...	I was being asked.	I had been asked.
Будущее (Future)
	Меня спросят (завтра).	Такой формы нет	Меня уже спросят к тому моменту.
	will be V-ed, V₃	Эта форма отсутствует, используется Future Simple: will be being V-ed, V₃	will have been V-ed, V₃
	I will be asked by the students ...	Такой формы нет	I will have been asked.

Долженствование "Я должен сделать", "мне нужно сделать" выражается формами

I have (he has) to do; I ought to do.

Согласование времён в косвенной речи

Прямая речь	Косвенная речь
You are pretty. You are so intelligent. You dance so well. You've got [have got] lovely hair. I'll never forget this day.	He said I was pretty. He said I was so intelligent. He said I danced so well. He said I had got lovely hair. He said he would never forget that day.
Do you like ballet? Have you ever been to Boston?	He asked me if/whether I liked ballet. He asked me if/whether I had ever been to Boston.
Where do you study? What are you reading? When will we meet again? Why don't you stay longer?	He asked me where I studied. He asked me what I was reading. He asked me when I should meet him again. He asked me why I didn't stay longer.
Give me your telephone number, please. Ring me up tomorrow. Help me to translate an article from English!	He asked me to give him my telephone number. He asked me to ring him up the next morning. He asked me to help him to translate an article from English.

Согласование времён (Active Voice)
Главное предложение	Придаточное предложение в косвенной речи
Он сказал, что... He said, that...	Simple	Continuous	Perfect	Perfect Continuous
	Настоящее (Present)...
	пишет (вообще)	пишет (сейчас)	написал (уже)	пишет (уже в течение часа)
	write	is writing	has written	has been writing
	...переходит в формы прошедшего времени (Past)
	wrote	was writing	had written	had been writing
	Прошедшее (Past)...
	написал (вчера)	писал (вчера в 7 часов)	написал (вчера к 7и часам)	писал (вчера уже 3 часа, когда вдруг нечто случилось)
	wrote	was writing	had written	had been writing
	...переходит в формы прошедшего же времени (Past)
	had written (Perfect)	was writing (Continuous - не меняется) или had been writing (Perfect Continuous)	эта форма остаётся без изменения	эта форма остаётся без изменения
	Будущее (Future)...
	напишет (завтра)	будет писать (завтра в 7 часов)	напишет (завтра к 7и часам)	будет писать (завтра уже 3 часа, когда вдруг нечто случится)
	will write	will be writing	will have written	will have been writing
	...переходит в формы Будущего-в-прошедшем (Future-in-the-past)
	would write	would be writing	would have written	would have been writing

Кроме изменения формы глагола в придаточном предложении при обращении прямой речи

в косвенную происходит следующая замена наречий места, времени и указательных

местоимений:

Прямая речь

Косвенная речь

now - сейчас
here - здесь
this, these - это, этот, эти
today - сегодня
tomorrow - завтра
yesterday - вчера
next week - на следующей неделе
next year - на будущий год
last week - на прошлой неделе
last year - в прошлом году

then - тогда
there - там
that, those - то, тот, те
that day - в тот день
(the) next day, the following day - на следующий день
the day before, the previous day - накануне
the next week, the following week - на следующей неделе
the next year, the following year - в следующем году
the previous week - за неделю до
the year before - за год до

Когда в главном предложении указывается адресат сообщения:

Он сказал Борису, что...

He said to Boris that...,

глагол say с предлогом to

можно заменять глаголом tell

без предлога:

He told Boris that...

Согласование времён (Passive Voice)
Главное предложение	Придаточное дополнительное предложение
Он сказал, что эти амбары He said, that...	Simple	Continuous	Perfect
	Настоящее (Present)...
	строят (вообще)	строят (сейчас)	выстроили (уже)
	...переходит в формы прошедшего времени (Past)
	were built	were being built	had been built
	Прошедшее (Past)...
	выстроили, строили (в прошлом году)	строили в ...	выстроили (к 1 января)
	...переходит в те же формы прошедшего же времени (Past)
	Будущее (Future)...
	построят (в будущем году)		построят (к 1 января)
	...переходит в формы Будущего-в-прошедшем (Future-in-the-past)
	would be built		would have been built

Популярность: 83, Last-modified: Tue, 17 Aug 1999 14:50:54 GMT